Zen Gardens

Photographs by Erik Borja

The first Zen gardens were created by Buddhist monks in the eleventh century. They combined the traditional Oriental elements of minerals, water and plants, but, interpreted by Zen philosophy, the garden became a medium of meditation. The grounds around buildings took on both an aesthetic and a utilitarian function. For example, a pathway could provide access to a building, and the arrangement of the stepping-stones could also ensure that a visitor's journey along the path might bring about a contemplative frame of mind.

In this book, Erik Borja explores the history and philosophy of the Zen garden and explains the main principles for creating one. He also looks in detail at the essential components that should be included. Stone is the foundation of the garden; the timeless quality of rock can be contrasted with the fluid nature of gravel, to express both the permanence and the changeability of the world. Water is also important, as water is celebrated as the source of all life. Finally, in a culture that reveres nature, trees and plants provide a living, growing element which recalls the natural landscape.